<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2d1 20170631//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd"> <ArticleSet> <Article> <Journal> <PublisherName>ejsss</PublisherName> <JournalTitle>ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES</JournalTitle> <PISSN/> <EISSN/> <Volume-Issue>Volume 2 Special Issue IV</Volume-Issue> <PartNumber/> <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic> <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage> <Season>August 2021</Season> <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue> <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue> <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA> <PubDate> <Year>2021</Year> <Month>08</Month> <Day>30</Day> </PubDate> <ArticleType>International Relations</ArticleType> <ArticleTitle>Mongolia’s Historic Relations with its Largest Neighbour: Russia</ArticleTitle> <SubTitle/> <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage> <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA> <FirstPage>9</FirstPage> <LastPage>41</LastPage> <AuthorList> <Author> <FirstName>Sureyya</FirstName> <LastName>Yigit</LastName> <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage> <Affiliation/> <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor> <ORCID/> </Author> </AuthorList> <DOI>10.47362/EJSSS.2021.2401</DOI> <Abstract>Mongolia’s foreign policy can be seen as fairly straightforward given the fact it has only two neighbours. The only problem is, however, the neighbours are Russia and China. This is a challenge that Mongolians have been facing for centuries and especially so since gaining their independence in the 20th century as the world’s second socialist state. This article examines the origins of the Mongol-Russian relationship, noting the geopolitical importance of Mongolian territories both for Czarist Russia and the Bolshevik Revolution. It investigates the twists and turns that have endured throughout this relationship, offering an insight into the very recent past as well as the present.</Abstract> <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage> <Keywords>Mongolia,Russia,Geopolitics,Foreign Policy,Northeast Asia,Cross-border Trade,Strategy</Keywords> <URLs> <Abstract>https://www.ejsss.net.in/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=13219&title=Mongolia’s Historic Relations with its Largest Neighbour: Russia</Abstract> </URLs> <References> <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle> <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage> <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage> <References>Haining, T. N. (1991). Elevated?by?all!. Asian Affairs, 22(2), 167-175. Mandal, R. (2012). Chand;#39;ing Policies towards Mongols and its Impact on Mongolian National Movement. Academic Discourse, 1(2), 17-25. Dennis, A. L. (1923). Russian Policy in the Far East. The North American Review, 217(808), 303-312. 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It should be noted that the instrument of bilateral cooperation branches is the representative offices of the Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo regions, the Trans-Baikal Territory, the republics of Buryatia, Altai, Tuva and the city of Moscow, and with Mongol side - consulates general in Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude and Kyzyl, consulate in Elista, as well as the honorary consuls in some Siberian cities. Rygzynov, T. S., and; Tsydypov, V. E. (2019, August). The role of international infrastructure projects in sustainable social and economic development of the border areas (the case of Russia and Mongolia). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 320, No. 1, p. 012012). IOP Publishing. Qiang, F., and; Bayanjargal, S. (2016). The Study on Trade Policy and Openness of Mongolia: Influences on Trade Flows Between China-Mongolia-Russia (Past and Future). Chinese Business Review, 15(5), 249-264. Humphrey, C. 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In January 2018, at the invitation of the Mayor of Ulaanbaatar, Sundin Batbold, the Inter-parliamentary group of the State Great Khural (VGH) of Mongolia" Russia - Mongolia", with the assistance of the National Trade and Industrialists of Mongolia (NCCI), made a visit with a delegation of businessmen to the Republic of Buryatia. The leadership of the Head of the Republic of Buryatia, Tsydenov, participated in the business conference "Investment potential of the Republic of Buryatia”. The business conference was attended by the Ambassador of Russia to Mongolia, Azizov, Deputy Chairman of the Interparliamentary Group "Russia - Mongolia", from the State Great Khural (VGH) of Mongolia Byambasurengiin Ankh-Amgalan, President of the National Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Mongolia Baatarzhavin Lhagwazhav and many others. About 700 people participated in the events, representing more than 40 companies of the Republic of Buryatia, more than 30 companies of Mongolia, and various research institutes of China, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Korea and Germany. The following issues were discussed: supplying electricity to Mongolia, organising transit rail and road transport, developing medical cooperation, tourism, meat supplies from Mongolia. During the visit, meetings took place between the Head of the Republic of Buryatia, Tsydenov with the President of Mongolia Battulga, Chairman of the Government of Mongolia Ukhnaagiin Khurelsu-khom, Vice-Speaker of the State Great Khural of Mongolia Luvsantseren, members of the Russia-Mongolia Inter-Parliamentary Group, and also Mayor of Ulaanbaatar, Batbold. In April 2018, a delegation of the Peopleand;#39;s Khural (NH) of the Republic of Buryatia, headed by the Chairman of the National Economy of the Republic of Buryatia, Dorzhiev, visited Mongolia. The deputies got acquainted with the work of the APU group of companies, visited several enterprises, discussed issues of investment cooperation. From 10 to 11 May 2018, a business conference was held in Ulan-Ude for the Republic of Buryatia and Mongolia business people. As part of the event, the Republic heads of approximately 170 companies in Ulaanbaatar visited Buryatia and the aimags of Mongolia working in the field of food, light industry, energy, transport, construction and agriculture. The delegation of Mongolia was headed by a member of the State Great Khural of Mongolia, Chairman, Oyundar, the Secretary of State Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry of Mongolia, Enkhbat and the Secretary-General of the National Trade and Industry of Mongolia, Oyuuntagsh. Presentations of the economic potential of Mongolia and the Republic were held in Buryatia, meetings of entrepreneurs were organised in the following sections: agro-industrial complexes, transport and logistics complex, industry, medical health and tourism. Also, entrepreneurs of Buryatia and Mongolia held negotiations in a business to business (b2b) format, they made presentations of their enterprises and projects, visited industrial enterprises and organisations of the Republic of Buryatia, including a plywood mill, Baikal fish factory, Selenge factory, confectionery workshop, an enterprise for the installation of automatic gates, "Azhur Tex" a company producing childrenand;#39;s knitwear, sports and homeware and hosiery, "Razvivayka", which produces toys and modules, as well as the Buryat Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture. From 7 to 9 June 2018, the delegation of the Republic of Buryatia, led by Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia for Economic Development, Zuraev, took part in the forum "Russian-Mongolia 2018 "in Ulaanbaatar. The delegation included trade representatives from the Chamber of Industry of the Republic of Buryatia, Export Center of Buryatia, Fund supporting small businesses and agro-industrial companies. Within the forumand;#39;s framework, an exhibition was held with the participation of advanced technologies, equipment products and products of small and medium-sized entrepreneurs in Russia, including from the Republic of Buryatia. Pre-business representatives of the Republic made presentations of their companies and products for Mongolian business people and Mongolian buyers. A workshop "Berezka" was held in Ulan-Ude tasting a line of new cakes produced in Buryatia presented juices, syrups, sea buckthorn jams, herbal teas from Chaga and polymer paving slabs. Following the exhibition, contracts for the supply of manufactured goods in the Republic of Buryatia to Mongolia, negotiations were held with network trading companies about the possibility of supplying food products to Mongolia. At the invitation of the Minister of Food, Agriculture state and light industry of Mongolia, Batzorig, a delegation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food in the Republic of Buryatia in June 2018 participated in the VIII International Meeting of the Multilateral Partnership on the Global Noah program of sustainable development of animal husbandry in Ulaanbaatar. Within the meeting framework, discussions concerning the supply of meat from Mongolia to the Republic of Buryatia, breeding animals, seedlings, seeds, food products from the Republic of Buryatia in Mongolia, organising fairs and exhibitions of Russian and Mongolian goods took place. In the period from 13 to 16 April 2018 in Irkutsk with the participation of a representative of the Republic of Buryatia, a meeting of the Russian-Mongolian working subgroup scientific support for the development of materials for careful consideration of issues related to the planned construction in Mongolia hydraulic structures in the catchment area of the Selenga took place. At the meeting of the working subgroup, proposals for revision were considered for the districts of Selenga and Lake Baikal in the context of the Shurenskaya hydropower plant construction project and Orkhon hydropower and drainage development projects. According to the meeting results, the parties expressed their readiness to continue discussing projects of hydro-technical structures planned on the Selenga River and its tributaries. In December 2018, the Regional Development Fund of the Republic of Buryatia in Ulan-Ude held a business conference, "Investorand;#39;s Day in the Republic of Buryatia", which was attended by entrepreneurs from Mongolia. Concerning regional development with the Republic of Buryatia, negotiations were held with a Mongolian company, APU, on opening a representative office in Buryatia, the establishment of excise warehouse and temporary storage warehouse (TSW). Also, negotiations were held with the Mongolian company TESO on constructing the Teso pasta factory in Buryatia. Work began selecting land plots and premises for the construction or placement of a pasta factory, taking into account the requirements for production. The Regional Development Fund of the Republic of Buryatia focused on implementing the project creation of a cargo handling centre for e-commerce with the involvement of the Mongolian side. In the period 28-29 March 2019 in the Republic of Buryatia, further talks on cooperation between small and medium-sized businesses of Russia and Mongolia, a Russian-Mongolian business mission was held. The Mongolian delegation was actively attended by representatives of various ministries and departments, business communities carrying out tourism, construction, transport and logistics, fish and farming activities. As part of the Russian-Mongolian business mission, an exhibition fair was held for Mongolian and Russian goods "Baikaltrade 2019", presentations of organisations; business representatives, business contacts exchange and work in sections in the areas of the agro-industrial complex, construction, transport, logistics. Mongolian entrepreneurs visited agricultural enterprises of the Republic, including an industrial park, a jade processing factory, and received advice on compliance with veterinary and phytosanitary supervision requirements. In May 2019, the organisations of the Republic of Buryatia: Ulan-Ude poultry factory, art studio" Dombo ", innovative enterprise "Baikaliya", a chain of stores "Uniform" and others, took part in the International Exhibition of Export and Import Products in Ulaanbaatar. Negotiations with Mongolian companies took place; an agreement was reached on establishing partnerships. As part of the expansion of trade and economic relations of the Republic of Buryatia with Mongolia in the field of agro-industrial complex, the promising directions of cooperation areas are:- expanding the supply of food products from the Republic of Buryatia, Russian Federation to Mongolia;- supplies of breeding material from the Republic of Buryatia to the Russian Federation, walkie-talkies to Mongolia; activation of cooperation between authorised bodies on the issue of lifting restrictions on the import of beef on bones from Mongolia to the Russian Federation; holding an exhibition and fair events in the territories of the Russian Federation and Mongolia; organisation of joint ventures on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia. Khachatryan, N., Schuele, H., Malakshinova, I., and; Khachatryan, A. “Chicken and Egg” Problem in the Meat Sector of Buryatia. Biltuev, S., Achituev, V., and; Zhamyanov, B. (2019, November). Feeding capacity and meat productivity of sheep of different breeds in the Republic of Buryatia. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 395, No. 1, p. 012115). IOP Publishing. Bouchemla, F., Agoltsov, V. A., Popova, O. M., and; Padilo, L. P. (2018). Assessment of the peste des petits ruminants world epizootic situation and estimate its spreading to Russia. Veterinary World, 11(5), 612. Dulguun, A. (2020). To the development of the free economic zone of Mongolia Altanbulag. RSUH/RGGU BULLETIN. Series Economics. Management. Law. Kuklina, M. V., Krasnoshtanova, N. E., Trufanov, A. I., Bogdanov, V. N., and; Erdinieva, S. N. (2021). Border area tourism with problems and prospective: RF-Mongolia. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 284, p. 10003). EDP Sciences. Potaev, V., Atanov, N., Subanakov, G., and; Tsyrenov, D. (2020). The Russian-Mongolian border zone: a study of the current status and development challenges at the municipal level. Revista Inclusions, 12-19. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (n.d.) Foreign Minister SERGEY Lavrovand;#39;s remarks at a joint news conference following talks with Foreign Minister of Mongolia Batmunkh Battsetseg, Moscow, JUNE 1,2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/4759892 ibid. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. (n.d.) Foreign Minister SERGEY LAVROVand;#39;S address on RUSSIAand;#39;S International activities for Russian Regionsand;#39; development, delivered at Far Eastern Federal UNIVERSITY (FEFU), and answers to questions from students and Faculty, Vladivostok, July 8, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021, from https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/4809543 ibid. Constant, F. (2019). The Legal Administration of Qing Mongolia. Late Imperial China, 40(1), 133-173. Miyawaki, J. (1992). The Chinggisid Principle in Russia. Russian History, 19(1/4), 261-277. Sanders, A. J. (1974). Mongolia: From Sambuu to Tsedenbal. Asian Survey, 971-984. Bayarkhuu, D. (2001). Mongolia and its Third Neighbours. Himalayan and Central Asian Studies, 5(1), 80. Fan, L. (2017). Construction of Russia’s “Eurasian Union” and “Economic Corridor among China, Mongolia, and Russia”. In China’s Belt and Road Initiatives and Its Neighboring Diplomacy (pp. 83-107).</References> </References> </Journal> </Article> </ArticleSet>